International Journal of Intercultural Relations

About This Journal

International Journal of Intercultural Relations (IJIR) is dedicated to advancing knowledge and understanding of theory, research and practice in the field of intercultural relations, including, but not limited to, topics such as immigrant acculturation and integration; intergroup relations, and intercultural communication that have implications for social impact. The journal publishes quantitative and qualitative empirical research and reviews of research literature. Both full length papers and brief reports are published with high priority given to manuscripts that join theory and research with applications in the areas of education, health, social welfare and organizational and community development. IJIR provides an interdisciplinary forum for scholars in fields of psychology, communication, education, management, sociology and related disciplines.

To be published in IJIR, manuscripts should focus on intercultural processes and should be grounded in theories of intercultural adaptation, communication, or learning.

Editorial Board

Editor-in-Chief
Seth Schwartz
The University of Texas at Austin College of Education, Speedway, Austin, Texas, United States of America

Associate Editors
Cory Cobb, PhD
Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America

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Alexander English, PhD
Wenzhou-Kean University, Wenzhou, China


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Filiz Kunuroglu, PhD
Izmir Katip Celebi University, İzmir, Türkiye

Samuel McKay, BA Honours
The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia


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Photo of Rosa Rodríguez-Izquierdo, PhD
Rosa Rodríguez-Izquierdo, PhD
Pablo de Olavide University, Sevilla, Spain

Photo of Saba Safdar, PhD
Saba Safdar, PhD
University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada


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Assistant Editors
Photo of Rita Berger, PhD
Rita Berger, PhD
Universitat de Barcelona, Faculty of Psychology, Department of Social and Quantitative Psychology, Barcelona, Spain


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David De Coninck, PhD
KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

Photo of Natasza Kosakowska-Berezecka, PhD/Associate Professor
Natasza Kosakowska-Berezecka, PhD/Associate Professor
University of Gdańsk, Gdansk, Poland


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Photo of Marina Martinez-González, PhD in Social Sciences
Marina Martinez-González, PhD in Social Sciences
University Corporation of the Coast, Barranquilla, Colombia


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Photo of Benjamin Nam, Ph.D.
Benjamin Nam, Ph.D.
Shanghai International Studies University, Shanghai, China


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Photo of Colin Scott, PhD
Colin Scott, PhD
Concordia University, Department of Political Science, Montreal, Quebec, Canada


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Editorial Office
Duyen Vo, PhD
The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States of America

Editors Emeritus
Dina Birman
University of Miami School of Education and Human Development, Coral Gables, Florida, United States of America

Colleen Ward
Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand

Founding Editor
Dan Landis
University of Hawaii at Hilo, Hilo, Hawaii, United States of America

Consulting Editor on Quantitative Methods
Dr. Soyoen Ahn
University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida, United States of America

Editorial Board Members
Hisham H. Abu-Rayya
University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel; La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia

Lily L. Arasaratnam-Smith
Alphacrucis University College Ltd, Parramatta, Australia

Milton M. Bennett
Intercultural Development Research Institute, Gig Harbor, Washington, United States of America

Michal M. Bilewicz
University of Warsaw, Warszawa, Poland

Magdalena M. Bobowik
University of the Basque Country, Department of Basic Psychological Processes and their Development, San Sebastian, Spain


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Rupert R. Brown
University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom

Paola P. Cardinali
University of the System of the Italian Chambers of Commerce, Rome, Italy

Winnie W. Chan
Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America

Richard R. Clément
University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada

Kenneth K. Cushner
Kent State University, Kent, Ohio, United States of America

Darla D. Deardorff
Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America

Mustafa M. Firat
Radboud University, Department of Sociology, Nijmegen, Netherlands

Arnd A. Florack
University of Vienna, Wien, Austria

Nicolas N. Geeraert
University of Essex, Department of Psychology, Colchester, United Kingdom

Susan B S. Goldstein
University of Redlands, Redlands, California, United States of America

Derya D. Güngör
KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium


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Joep J. Hofhuis
Amsterdam University of Applied Sciences, Amsterdam, Netherlands


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Gabriel G. Horenczyk
Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel

Wenshan W. Jia
Chapman University, Orange, California, United States of America

Lydiah L. Kananu Kiramba
University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, United States of America

Savas S. Karatas
University of Bologna, Department of Psychology "Renzo Canestrari", Bologna, Italy

Erdogan E. Koc
Bahçeşehir University, Faculty of Economics Administrative and Social Sciences, İstanbul, Türkiye

Adam M Komisarof
Keio University, Minato-Ku, Japan

Jonas J.R. Kunst
University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway

Brian B. Lam
California State University Long Beach School of Social Work, Long Beach, California, United States of America

Hyeeun E. H.E. Lee
Ewha Womens University, Department of Communications and Media, Seoul, Korea, South

Tae kyoung T. K. Lee
Sungkyunkwan University, Department of Child Psychology and Education, Seoul, Korea, South

Shuang S. Liu
The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia

Nigel Mantou N. M. Lou
University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada

Borja B. Martinovic
Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands

Camilla C. Matera
University of Florence, Firenze, Italy

Jody L. J.L. McBrien
University of South Florida College of Education, Tampa, Florida, United States of America

Karmen K. Mlinar
University for Continuing Education Krems, Krems an der Donau, Austria

Angela-MinhTu A. M. Nguyen
California State University Fullerton, Fullerton, California, United States of America

John J. Oetzel
The University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand

Jia-Yan J.-Y. Pan
Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, Hong Kong

Andre A. A. A. Pekerti
The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia


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David Lackland D. Sam
University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway

Maja Katharina M. K. Schachner
Martin Luther University Halle Wittenberg, Halle, Germany


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Miriam M. Schwarzenthal
University of Wuppertal, Wuppertal, Germany

Paul P. Vedder
Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands

Maykel M. Verkuyten
Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands

Loris L. Vezzali
University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy

Andrey A. Vinokurov
Optimal Solutions Group LLC, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America

Emilio E. Visintin
University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy

Sophie S. Walsh
Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel

Dong D. Xie
Louisiana Tech University, Department of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, Ruston, Louisiana, United States of America

Nurit N. Zaidman
Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er Sheva, Israel

Byron L. Zamboanga
University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, United States of America

Advisory and Consulting Editors Emeritus
John Berry
Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada

Mitchell R Hammer
American University, Washington, DC, United States of America

Walter Lonner
Western Washington University, Bellingham, Washington, United States of America

Walter Stephan
New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico, United States of America

Shafia Jamil1*, Dr. Gazi MD Nurul Islam2, DR. Hanna-e-Kalbi3, Misbah Atta4, Dr. Zainab Sadiq5

This study addresses the issue of the historical occurrences of Muslim genocide in Spain and in Palestine, examining their enduring impact on human civilization. This study emphasizes the need for continuous and in-depth research to understand the ca...